Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence
Toward an Integrated Neurobehavioral Approach, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 118
Charles R Schuster/Michael J Kuhar
InhaltsangabeI. Research in the Study of Drug Action and Addiction.- 1 Genetic Vulnerability to Substance Abuse.- A. Heterogeneity of Drug Abuse.- I. Etiological Influences.- 1. Risk Factors.- 2. Genetic Influences.- B. Clinical Studies.- I. Family Genetic Studies.- 1. Alcoholism.- 2. Other Drug Abuse.- II. Levels of Genetic Analysis.- 1. Factors Affecting Use.- 2. Metabolism.- 3. Subjective and Objective Effects.- 4. Drug Specificity.- 5. Alternative Modes of Transmission.- 6. Phenecopies.- C. Molecular Studies.- I. Selecting Genetic Markers.- II. Linkage Analysis.- 1. Dopamine D2 Receptor Locus.- 2. Other Genes.- D. Animal Studies.- I. Animal Models of Drug Taking Behavior.- 1. Behavioral Pharmacology Approach.- 2. Behavioral Genetics Approach.- II. Genetic Variation in Drug Self-Administration and Drug-Reinforced Behavior.- 1. Two-Bottle Choice.- 2. Conditioned Place Preference.- 3. Intracranial Self-Stimulation.- 4. Operant Self-Administration.- III. Drug-Naive Behaviors as Predictors of Vulnerability.- IV. Neurobiological Markers as Predictors of Vulnerability.- V. Response to Abused Drugs as Predictors of Vulnerability.- E. Summary.- References.- 2 Integrative Neurobehavioral Pharmacology: Focus on Cocaine.- A. Introduction.- B. Approaches to Drug Abuse and Dependence.- C. A Cocaine Receptor.- I. Behavioral Models for Drug Abuse.- 1. Drug Self-Administration.- 2. Place Preference.- 3. Alteration of Threshold for Electrical Brain Stimulation Reinforcement.- 4. Drugs of Abuse and Endogenous Reward Systems.- II. Receptor Binding.- III. Interdisciplinary Support for a Dopamine Hypothesis.- D. Brain Imaging.- E. Molecular Actions of Cocaine.- I. Cloning the Dopamine Transporter/Cocaine Receptor.- II. Effects of Chronic Cocaine Administration and Withdrawal.- F. Conclusions.- References.- II. Molecular, Behavioral, and Human Pharmacology of Dependence and Consequences.- 3 Marihuana.- A. Introduction.- B. Cellular and Molecular Effects.- I. Neurochemistry.- 1. Effects on Neurotransmitters.- 2. Receptors.- 3. Second Messenger and Other Transduction Mechanisms.- 4. Integration of Systems.- C. General Pharmacology.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- 1. Absorption and Distribution.- 2. Metabolism and Excretion.- 3. Relationship of THC Levels to Effects.- II. Effects on Organ Systems.- 1. Brain.- 2. Immune System.- 3. Endocrine.- 4. Cardiovascular.- 5. Gastrointestinal.- 6. Renal.- III. Toxicity.- 1. Respiratory Effects.- 2. Psychotic Episodes.- 3. Neurochemical and Histological Effects.- IV. Tolerance.- 1. Animals.- 2. Humans.- V. Dependence.- 1. Animals.- 2. Humans.- VI. ?9-THC During Pregnancy.- 1. Effect on Dams and Litters.- 2. Developmental Toxicity.- 3. Neural Development.- 4. Teratogenecity.- 5. Fetotoxicity - Interactions with Ethanol.- D. Behavioral Pharmacology.- I. Unlearned Behaviors/Ethology.- l. General Comments.- 2. Consummatory Behavior.- 3. Motor Behavior.- 4. Social Behavior.- II. Conditioned Effects.- 1. Drug Discrimination.- 2. Self-Administration.- 3. Performance, Memory and Learning.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Cocaine.- A. History and Epidemiology.- B. General Pharmacology.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Organ and System Toxicity.- III. Fetal and Developmental Toxicity.- IV. Behavioral Toxicity.- C. Neurobiology of Cocaine's Behavioral Effects.- I. Receptor Targets.- II. Sensitization.- III. Reinforcement.- IV. Medications Development.- D. Final Comments.- References.- 5 Opioid Analgesics.- A. Background.- B. Cellular and Molecular Effects.- I. Opioid Receptors.- 1. Early Discoveries.- 2. Opioid Receptor Multiplicity.- 3. Selective Opioid Agonists and Antagonists.- 4. Distribution.- II. Postreceptor Events.- C. General Pharmacology.- I. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism.- II. General Effects.- III. Immune Function.- IV. Analgesia.- 1. Clinical Observations.- 2. Mechanism of Action of Mu Agonists.- 3. Kappa and Delta Agonists.- V. Tolerance.- VI. Physical Dependence.- D. Behavioral Pharmacology.- I. Reinforcing Effects.- 1. Self-Admini
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In spite of a "war on drugs" that spans years, and in spite of increases in law enforcement efforts and to a lesser extent treatment, substance abuse and dependence continue. While the number of people who experiment with drugs has decreased in recent years, those who use drugs repeatedly, per haps several times a week, a measure of "hard core" drug abusers, has not changed, and emergency room visits associated with substances abuse continues to rise. Considering both licit and illicit drug abuse, the number of drug abusers in, for example, the United States is very large and, accordingly, the cost to society is great. A recent Institute of Medicine study suggests that the overall cost is about $66 billion per year (1990 costs). Certainly when assessing the total cost of substance abuse, we must include of the costs of disease and behavioral disorders that are intimately associated with substance abuse. For example, sharing of needles among illicit drug abusers has been and is a critical vector in the spread of drug resistant TB, AIDS, and hepatitis. Further, the use of drugs and alcohol leads to unsafe sexual practices with the attendant risk of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Tragically, infants are born with drugs in their system and with infections and disease transmitted from the mothers who are drug abusers or their sex partners who are drug abusers.
Weitere Details
Erschienen: 16.09.2011
Umfang: xxv, 658 S., 15 Tab.
Sprache: ENG
Einband: KT
ISBN/EAN: 9783642646317
Umbreit-Nr.: 5651214
